Economy, Emphasis and Precise Connections

___ been warned, she proceeded cautiously.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: Having

Having been warned, she proceeded cautiously. Advanced participle clauses include perfect and passive forms: having completed, having been informed. Their implied subject normally matches the main-clause subject. Some absolute constructions supply their own subject: weather permitting. Meaning may be temporal, causal or concessive and must be inferred from context.

___ carefully, the document revealed several inconsistencies. (passive)

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: Examined

Examined carefully, the document revealed several inconsistencies. (passive) Advanced participle clauses include perfect and passive forms: having completed, having been informed. Their implied subject normally matches the main-clause subject. Some absolute constructions supply their own subject: weather permitting. Meaning may be temporal, causal or concessive and must be inferred from context.

Choose the word or expression: To cause something to happen or exist.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: give rise to

give rise to: To cause something to happen or exist. Example: A lack of clear instructions can give rise to misunderstandings.

Weather ___, we'll eat outside.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: permitting

Weather permitting, we'll eat outside. Advanced participle clauses include perfect and passive forms: having completed, having been informed. Their implied subject normally matches the main-clause subject. Some absolute constructions supply their own subject: weather permitting. Meaning may be temporal, causal or concessive and must be inferred from context.

___ all the evidence, the panel reached a decision. (earlier active action)

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: Having considered

Having considered all the evidence, the panel reached a decision. (earlier active action) Advanced participle clauses include perfect and passive forms: having completed, having been informed. Their implied subject normally matches the main-clause subject. Some absolute constructions supply their own subject: weather permitting. Meaning may be temporal, causal or concessive and must be inferred from context.

Choose the word or expression: To be caused by or develop from something.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: stem from

stem from: To be caused by or develop from something. Example: Many of these problems stem from poor communication.

Choose the clause with a clear shared subject.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: Having missed the train, I took a taxi.

Having missed the train, I took a taxi. Advanced participle clauses include perfect and passive forms: having completed, having been informed. Their implied subject normally matches the main-clause subject. Some absolute constructions supply their own subject: weather permitting. Meaning may be temporal, causal or concessive and must be inferred from context.

Only after the vote ___ they reveal the cost.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: did

Only after the vote did they reveal the cost. Word order controls focus through inversion, fronting, clefts and end-weight. Negative fronting triggers auxiliary inversion; fronted objects normally do not. Heavy information often comes later. Only before an adverbial can trigger inversion, but only before the subject does not.

Choose the word or expression: An indirect result that creates further consequences.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: knock-on effect

knock-on effect: An indirect result that creates further consequences. Example: The port closure had a knock-on effect on shops across the country.

Only Jo ___ the answer.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: knew

Only Jo knew the answer. Word order controls focus through inversion, fronting, clefts and end-weight. Negative fronting triggers auxiliary inversion; fronted objects normally do not. Heavy information often comes later. Only before an adverbial can trigger inversion, but only before the subject does not.

What surprised me ___ her calmness.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: was

What surprised me was her calmness. Word order controls focus through inversion, fronting, clefts and end-weight. Negative fronting triggers auxiliary inversion; fronted objects normally do not. Heavy information often comes later. Only before an adverbial can trigger inversion, but only before the subject does not.

Choose the word or expression: An event or person that triggers an important change.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: catalyst

catalyst: An event or person that triggers an important change. Example: The crisis became a catalyst for reform.

Seldom ___ such precision been required.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: has

Seldom has such precision been required. Word order controls focus through inversion, fronting, clefts and end-weight. Negative fronting triggers auxiliary inversion; fronted objects normally do not. Heavy information often comes later. Only before an adverbial can trigger inversion, but only before the subject does not.

Choose the correct object fronting.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: That proposal I cannot support.

That proposal I cannot support. Word order controls focus through inversion, fronting, clefts and end-weight. Negative fronting triggers auxiliary inversion; fronted objects normally do not. Heavy information often comes later. Only before an adverbial can trigger inversion, but only before the subject does not.

Choose the word or expression: One of several things that help cause a result.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: contributing factor

contributing factor: One of several things that help cause a result. Example: Fatigue was a contributing factor in the accident.