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B1+ · Upper-intermediate15 min

Participles as adjectives — -ed/-ing

Syllabus topic 26: Participles as adjectives — -ed/-ing

Participles as adjectives — -ed/-ing. Participles can describe a cause or a resulting state: a confusing explanation, a confused reader; a broken window, falling leaves.

How it works

Participles can describe a cause or a resulting state: a confusing explanation, a confused reader; a broken window, falling leaves. -ed does not automatically mean past time, and -ing does not always describe a feeling. Choose according to the relationship with the noun.

Examples in context

Notice how each form fits its sentence. Read the context before choosing a form.

  • The instructions were confusing, so nobody understood.
  • The broken window needs replacing. (someone broke it)
  • We watched the falling leaves. (they were falling)
  • She was surprised by the unexpected call.
  • It was an inspiring performance.

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The instructions were ___, so nobody understood.

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