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B2 · Pre-advanced15 min

Speculation & deduction

Syllabus topic 6: Speculation & deduction

Speculation & deduction. Modal deductions use must, may/might/could and can't according to certainty.

How it works

Modal deductions use must, may/might/could and can't according to certainty. Add be + -ing for present ongoing activity and have + participle for past deduction. Mustn't is normally prohibition. A past modal does not simply mean a less certain present modal.

Examples in context

Notice how each form fits its sentence. Read the context before choosing a form.

  • He must have received the message; he replied.
  • She might be working from home today.
  • That can't be true; the dates contradict it.
  • They may have misunderstood the address.
  • The lights were off, so they might have been asleep. (possible)

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He must have ___ the message; he replied.

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