Emphasis, Structure and Connected Arguments

I need a pen. Do you have ___?

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: one

I need a pen. Do you have one? Ellipsis leaves out recoverable words, often after an auxiliary: I can, but she can't. Substitution uses one/ones for count nouns and so/not for clauses: I think so, I hope not. Do so can replace an action, but is unsuitable for many state meanings.

Will it rain? I hope ___. (negative reply)

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: not

Will it rain? I hope not. (negative reply) Ellipsis leaves out recoverable words, often after an auxiliary: I can, but she can't. Substitution uses one/ones for count nouns and so/not for clauses: I think so, I hope not. Do so can replace an action, but is unsuitable for many state meanings.

Choose the word or expression: Gases or other substances released into the air.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: emissions

emissions: Gases or other substances released into the air. Example: The factory installed equipment to reduce its emissions.

Never ___ I seen such chaos.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: have

Never have I seen such chaos. Fronted negative or restrictive adverbials trigger auxiliary-subject inversion: Never have I seen.... Add do/does/did when needed. Not until... inverts the following main clause, not the until clause. Hardly ... when and no sooner ... than describe close sequence.

Rarely ___ she complain.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: does

Rarely does she complain. Fronted negative or restrictive adverbials trigger auxiliary-subject inversion: Never have I seen.... Add do/does/did when needed. Not until... inverts the following main clause, not the until clause. Hardly ... when and no sooner ... than describe close sequence.

Choose the word or expression: Power from sources that are naturally replaced, such as wind or sunlight.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: renewable energy

renewable energy: Power from sources that are naturally replaced, such as wind or sunlight. Example: The island produces most of its electricity from renewable energy.

___ the weather was bad, we continued.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: Although

Although the weather was bad, we continued. Clause linkers and prepositions have different complements: although + clause, despite + noun/-ing; because + clause, owing to + noun; so that + clause, in order to + infinitive. Such/so ... that expresses result. Avoid combining incompatible patterns.

The match was cancelled owing ___ heavy rain.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: to

The match was cancelled owing to heavy rain. Clause linkers and prepositions have different complements: although + clause, despite + noun/-ing; because + clause, owing to + noun; so that + clause, in order to + infinitive. Such/so ... that expresses result. Avoid combining incompatible patterns.

Choose the word or expression: A place where rubbish is buried in the ground.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: landfill

landfill: A place where rubbish is buried in the ground. Example: Recycling keeps useful materials out of landfill.

The road was closed; ___, we took a detour.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: therefore

The road was closed; therefore, we took a detour. Discourse markers signal relationships: however/nevertheless contrast, therefore/consequently result, moreover addition, and for instance example. They do not replace grammatical clause conjunctions without punctuation changes. In formal writing, a semicolon or full stop can precede however between independent clauses.

The task was difficult. ___, she completed it.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: Nevertheless

The task was difficult. Nevertheless, she completed it. Discourse markers signal relationships: however/nevertheless contrast, therefore/consequently result, moreover addition, and for instance example. They do not replace grammatical clause conjunctions without punctuation changes. In formal writing, a semicolon or full stop can precede however between independent clauses.

Choose the word or expression: The protection of nature and natural resources.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: conservation

conservation: The protection of nature and natural resources. Example: The organisation funds wildlife conservation projects.

It was Jo ___ called, not Eva.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: who

It was Jo who called, not Eva. Cleft sentences divide a message to focus attention. It-clefts use It is/was + focus + that/who; wh-clefts use What ... is/was.... All-clefts focus on an entire limited need. Preserve the tense and make the focused phrase fit the remaining clause.

What I need ___ a holiday.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: is

What I need is a holiday. Cleft sentences divide a message to focus attention. It-clefts use It is/was + focus + that/who; wh-clefts use What ... is/was.... All-clefts focus on an entire limited need. Preserve the tense and make the focused phrase fit the remaining clause.

Choose the word or expression: The greenhouse gas emissions associated with an activity or person.

Your answer: Unanswered

Correct answer: carbon footprint

carbon footprint: The greenhouse gas emissions associated with an activity or person. Example: Taking fewer flights can reduce your carbon footprint.