Grammar · C1

Advanced Present Simple & Present Continuous

Advanced Present Simple & Present Continuous. Beyond habits and ongoing activity, the present simple appears in commentary, summaries, performative statements and scheduled future events.

Advanced Past Simple, Past Continuous & Past Perfect

Advanced Past Simple, Past Continuous & Past Perfect. Past forms can narrate events, establish background or create interpersonal distance.

Advanced modal verbs: will, would & should

Advanced modal verbs: will, would & should. Will can express characteristic behaviour, willingness or a present inference; would can express past habit, refusal or tentative judgement.

Advanced modal verbs: can / be able to, may / might

Advanced modal verbs: can / be able to, may / might. Can expresses ability and general possibility, while may/might commonly express a specific uncertain possibility.

The Subjunctive in English — Present & Past

Includes Subjunctive and formal recommendations

The Subjunctive in English — Present & Past. The mandative present subjunctive uses the base form after demands or recommendations: that she be, that he leave.

The Perfect Tenses — forms & uses

The Perfect Tenses — forms & uses. Perfect forms locate a situation before a present, past or future reference point.

Advanced Participle Clauses

Advanced Participle Clauses. Advanced participle clauses include perfect and passive forms: having completed, having been informed.

Advanced Word Order

Includes Inversion for emphasis

Advanced Word Order. Word order controls focus through inversion, fronting, clefts and end-weight.

Prepositions — position & advanced patterns

Prepositions — position & advanced patterns. Prepositions may be stranded in ordinary relative clauses and questions or placed before whom/which in formal style.

Subject–Verb Agreement — advanced rules

Subject–Verb Agreement — advanced rules. Agreement depends on the head noun and meaning, not simply the nearest noun.

Cleft sentences

Use it is/was + focus + that/who to highlight a part of the message. What-clefts put the focus after be.

Advanced concession

Use although or even though before a clause; despite and in spite of take a noun or -ing form.

Hedging and distancing

Use tentative language such as appears to, may and is likely to when evidence does not justify certainty.

C1: Write the missing words

Produce the grammar yourself: ten focused questions with a clear cue and no answer choices.

C1: Find and fix grammar errors

Find a grammar error and rewrite the sentence. Ten corrections with explanations and targeted review.